The Luxembourg Dynasty
The Luxembourg Dynasty
One of the most captivating details of St. Michael’s Church in Cluj is the main (western) portal, especially its tympanum. Unlike the construction of the church itself, it has been precisely dated to 1442–1444. This date is confirmed by preserved inscriptions located both in the tympanum itself and next to the portal. There is no doubt that the latter was founded by Sigismund of Luxembourg, whose coats of arms – as German Emperor and King of Hungary and Bohemia – adorn the tympanum. The ruler’s name is also found on a ribbon with an inscription. The main part of the tympanum is occupied by a rather austere figure of St. Michael the Archangel, dressed in light armour, defeating a dragon (currently, both the spearhead and the dragon’s head are now broken). To the right of the gate, on the façade of the church, under a partially worn relief depicting Moses, a Latin inscription informs us that the image of St. Michael was placed here in 1444 (“Anno Domini MCCCCXLIIII posita est haec ymago huic almae ecclesiae sancti Michaelis Archangeli”). Below the figure are three coats of arms. On the heraldic right is the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary in the form of a divided shield with a double cross on the right and a seven-fold cut strip on the left. On the left side, there is the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Bohemia in the form of a shield divided into four fields, with a crowned two-tailed lion symbolising Bohemia, the Árpád stripes symbolising the four main historical rivers of Hungary: the Danube, the Tisza, the Drava and the Sava, an eagle with outstretched wings in a crown symbolising Moravia, and finally a wide river as a symbol of Austria. In the centre, there was once an imperial eagle, of which only the lower half remains today. Above it, there is a ribbon with an inscription (“Anno Domini MCCCCXLII Sigismundi clem […] aris est locat […]”). According to researchers, the damage to the imperial coat of arms resulted from the need to place a figure of St. Michael there. This was related to the events that took place at the end of the reign of Sigismund of Luxembourg. In 1437, a peasant revolt broke out in Transylvania, also known as the Antal Nagy revolt after the leader of the peasants, which was supported by the inhabitants of Cluj, thus falling out of favour with the ruler and losing their previous privileges. Cluj owed their restoration to King Ladislaus of Varna in 1444 – the royal decree was to reach the city on St. Michael’s Day. The inhabitants considered this a miracle and intercession of the patron saint of the church and decided to place his image above the main gate of the temple.